Academic Information
Graduate Students
Graduate students are master's candidates. Admission to these programs is by application only.
Matriculated Students
Are students who have met the requirements for admission have registered for courses in their program of choice.
Non-Matriculated Students
Students who do not wish to seek a degree, but want to attend only specific courses are classified as non-matriculated students. These students are not required to submit the credentials required for admission as a matriculated student.
Veterans
Whitworth is approved for veteran training as an institution of higher education by the Higher Education Coordinating Board. The university’s academic programs of study are approved by the Higher Education Coordinating Board’s State Approving Agency for enrollment of persons eligible to receive educational benefits under Title 38 and Title 10, U.S. Code. Whitworth is committed to upholding and complying with the intent of Veterans Administration regulations. Benefit recipients must meet satisfactory-progress standards in order to continue receiving benefits for study. VA benefit recipients are held to the same academic standards as other Whitworth students. Records that permit monitoring of progress are kept in the registrar’s office. Termination of benefits will be initiated upon receipt of a withdrawal form. It is the responsibility of the benefit recipient to submit a withdrawal form to the registrar and to notify the veterans’ coordinator immediately upon ceasing to attend any course.
Class Standing
Class standing is determined as follows:
| Freshman | 0-29 semester credits |
| Sophomore | 30-59 semester credits |
| Junior | 60-89 semester credits |
| Senior | 90 and above semester credits |
| 126 | minimum to graduate |
Registration
Whitworth University students register for classes through WhitNet. Students register for their next classes during their assigned registration period each semester and can adjust their class schedules via WhitNet through the first week of classes.
Registration for teaching assistantships, research assistantships, independent studies, and internships are processed in the registrar’s office. Registration for study abroad is handled by the International Education Center.
Beginning with the second week of classes, students must complete an add/drop form, including the instructor’s signature, and submit it to the registrar’s office for processing.
Deadlines for dropping and adding classes are published in the academic calendar each semester. Students receive notification to verify their course registrations during the drop/add period each semester. Credit cannot be granted for courses in which a student did not officially register after the course or semester has ended. It is the student’s responsibility to check their registration information and discuss any needed corrections with the registrar’s office. It is the university’s policy to deny requests for registration in any course after the close of the term in which registration was required.
Normal Full-Time Course Load
The normal load for full-time undergraduate students is 12 to 17 semester credits in the fall and spring semesters, including up to five semester credits in Jan Term. If a student enrolls in more than 17 credits, s/he may incur additional tuition charges. Students should check with the student accounting services office to see if overload tuition charges are waived for a particular course. Jan Term is actually part of the spring semester and is free to students who were enrolled full-time as matriculated day students in the fall semester or are enrolled full time as matriculated day students for the spring semester. The maximum allowable load in the summer is three semester credits in a three-week session and six semester credits in a six-week session. A student must average 31.5 semester credits per year to graduate in four years. Permission to enroll in more than the 19 credits must be approved in writing by the advisor and the registrar. In order to remain under the catalog requirements in effect at the time of his/her initial enrollment, a student must complete a degree within six years from the time of matriculation. Because graduate programs vary in format, students should check with their respective graduate schools to determine normal course load.
Normal Progress and Financial Aid
Registration for less than a fulltime load (12-17 semester credits) will prevent a student from receiving some forms of financial aid. More information on satisfactory progress requirements for recipients of financial aid is available in the Whitworth Financial Aid Office.
Student Holds
Different circumstances can cause a hold to be placed on a student’s account. Each hold prevents some type of University privilege such as the right to register, add/drop classes, receive official transcripts, or participate in campus activities. The list below shows the types of holds and the offices to contact regarding them.
Type of Hold
| Academic Suspension | Registrar's Office |
| Advisor Hold | Advisor |
| Business Office Hold | Student Accounts Office |
| Loan Office Hold | Student Accounts Office |
| Financial Aid Hold | Financial Aid Office |
| Registrar's Hold | Registrar's Office |
| Student Life Hold | Student Life Office |
Waitlisting For Closed Classes
Students may waitlist themselves via WhitNet for classes that are closed. As space becomes available in closed classes, waitlisted students will be sent an email notifying them that they have 24 hours to register for the course on WhitNet. If the student does not register within 24 hours they will be dropped from the waitlist.
Changes in Registration
Class Attendance
Class attendance is expected and may be included in the calculation of the grade for the class. Students who register for courses they do not attend are responsible for dropping the courses officially through the registrar’s office. The consequence of not officially dropping a course is a “WW” (withdrew without permission) grade, which calculates as an “F” in the GPA. Students should contact the professor if they plan to be absent any day during the first week of the semester/term. No person other than a faculty member attending informally with the approval of the professor may attend a Whitworth course in which that person has not been officially registered. A professor may allow a student to attend his or her class only if the student’s name appears on the official class roster from the registrar’s office.
Withdrawals
Accelerated classes and graduate level classes are sometimes offered in a non-traditional term. Check with your department to determine the withdrawal policy for your program.
Traditional semester programs have the following withdrawal policy:
- A withdrawal from a course during the first two weeks of the term will not appear on the transcript.
- A withdrawal after the first two weeks through the ninth week of the term will be noted with a "W" (withdrawal) on the transcript.
- A withdrawal after the ninth week and before final exams will be noted with a "WF" (withdraw failing) on the trascript.
- If a student stops attending a course or never attends but does not officially withdraw from the course by completing a drop slip and submitting it to the registrar's office, a grade of "WW" (withdrew without permission) will be noted on the transcript and financial obligations for the course will remain binding.
Hardship Withdrawal
In rare circumstances, the withdrawing student may be granted a hardship withdrawal, given when a debilitating medical or psychological condition makes it necessary for the student to withdraw from all of his or her courses. To be considered, the student should apply to the dean of students or his/her designee within a week of the anticipated withdrawal, providing written documentation of the condition. Under hardship-withdrawal status, the student will receive a “W” in all classes for the term, and financial officers will determine charges based on the number of weeks that university services were utilized.
Hiatus Policy
Students who have completed at least one semester at Whitworth are eligible to take a leave of absence for up to one academic year, and to return without reapplying for admission. This leave, known as a hiatus, allows the student to keep his or her WhitNet and Whitworth e-mail accounts active while s/he is away. Students may also go on hiatus for a partial semester if they completely withdraw from the university for a semester and plan to return for the next semester.
Grades and Quality Points
The following symbols are used:
| A | Superior: 4 points |
| A- | 3.7 points |
| B+ | 3.3 points |
| B | Good: 3 points |
| B- | 2.7 points |
| C+ | 2.3 points |
| C | Fair: 2 points |
| C- | 1.7 points |
| D+ | 1.3 points |
| D | Poor: 1 point |
| D- | .7 point |
| F | Failure: 0 points |
| W | Official Withdrawal; does not affect GPA |
| WA | Administrative Withdrawal; does not affect GPA |
| WF | Withdrawal While Failing (or past the acceptable time limit for a “W” grade), computed as an “F” in the GPA |
| WW | Withdrawal Without Permission (stopped attending or never attended the course), computed as an “F” in the GPA |
| AU | Audit; does not affect GPA |
| I | Incomplete; to be made up by six weeks into the next fall or spring semester |
| IE | Incomplete; time to finish work is extended until six weeks into the next fall or spring semester |
| S | Satisfactory; given upon completion of a Satisfactory/Not Satisfactory course; does not affect GPA; commonly used for grading internships, study abroad programs and specific non-graded courses. |
| NS | Not Satisfactory; given for unsatisfactory work in a Satisfactory/Not Satisfactory course; does not affect GPA |
| P/F | P/F Pass for grade of “C” or higher; grades of “C-,” “D+,” “D,” “D-“ or “F” will result in an “F” grade. |
| P/NC | For class taken with P/NC grading option, Pass is given for grade of “C” or higher; No Credit is given for a “C-,” “D+,” “D,” “D-” or “F”; grade of P/NC does not affect GPA and is irreversible. |
Pass/No Credit Grading Option
This option is designed to encourage students to explore areas of study outside their majors. Students may choose to take one P/NC course each academic year at Whitworth. Core courses, courses in the student’s major or area of concentration, and education courses are excluded from this option. Students may elect to take PE activity courses Pass/No Credit. A grade of Pass will be assigned in a P/NC course on the basis of a grade of “C” or higher. A grade of No Credit will be assigned in a P/NC course on the basis of a grade of “C-” or lower. Once a P/NC has been declared, it is irreversible. Check the academic calendar for the deadline to declare P/NC.
Grade Reports
Midterm Grades
On the designated date noted as midterm in the academic calendar, student grades of C- or lower are reported (on WhitNet) to the registrar’s office. The student and his/her advisor are then notified of the grade.
Final Grades
Final grades are reported to the registrar’s office on the designated date specified in the academic calendar. Final grades may be viewed on WhitNet.
Calculation of the Grade Point Average
Current and cumulative grade point averages are calculated on the basis of grades earned at Whitworth only. A student may transfer credits from another regionally accredited institution that count toward the total required for graduation, but the student cannot transfer the grades received in those courses. The grade point average (GPA) is computed by dividing the quality points total by the total number of graded credits attempted during any given grading period. Quality points for a course are determined by multiplying the numerical equivalent of the letter grade by the credit attempted. Pass/No Credit and Satisfactory/Not Satisfactory grades are not used in computing the GPA.
Honors
Graduation honors are as follows:
| cum laude (with honors) | 3.50 GPA |
| magna cum laude (with high honors) | 3.75 GPA |
| summa cum laude (with highest honors) | 3.90 GPA |
Honors are based on at least 32 semester credits taken at Whitworth. Transfer grades are not included in honors computation.
Academic Credit and Evaluation
Academic credit is awarded on the basis of semester credits. One semester credit is equivalent to 14 contact hours and two hours of work outside of class for each contact hour. Evaluation of coursework is made in a variety of ways, depending upon the nature of the course. Midterm grades are given to students receiving grades of “C-” or below so that there is opportunity for them to improve performance. Final letter grades (including plus/minus option) are given in most courses, and students are informed in advance of those few courses that are evaluated on a Pass/No Credit basis.
Acceptance of Transfer Credits
Whitworth will accept applicable undergraduate and graduate work transferred from regionally accredited institutions. For institutions without regional accreditation, transfer of credit will be considered if the credibility of the institution can be supported by the “three-letter rule,” which states that it is the responsibility of the student to provide letters from three regionally accredited institutions certifying that they will accept credit from the institution from which the student is seeking credit. A total of two-thirds credit will be awarded to non-regionally accredited Bible schools that hold an ABHE accreditation.
A maximum of 64 semester credits may be transferred from a two-year college or a total of 94 semester credits from any four-year college or combination of two- and four-year colleges. Credits earned more than 15 years prior to matriculation at Whitworth will require department approval if they are to fulfill a requirement in the major. Courses in which the student received a grade lower than “C-,” vocational-technical courses, non-college level courses, credit earned by exam and incomplete courses are not transferable. Official transcripts must be received by the registrar’s office from the transferring institution in order to have credit evaluated for final acceptance.
Transfer Policies for Students Holding Associate of Arts Degrees
A student transferring to Whitworth with an associate of arts (A.A.) degree from a community college in Washington (approved by the Intercollege Relations Commission for the State of Washington), Colorado, Oregon, California, Montana, the Community College of Southern Idaho, North Idaho College, or with an associate of science (A.S.) degree from a community college in Washington, will receive the following:
- Junior standing (60 semester credits)
- Transfer credit of a maximum of 96 quarter credits or 64 semester credits
- Waiver of all general requirements, with the following exceptions:
- A choice of one of the following: Core 150, Western Civilization I: Christian Worldview Perspectives; Core 250, Western Civilization II: The Rationalist Worldview; or Core 350: Applied Ethics, Public Policy and Worldviews
- Biblical Literature: Three semester credits in the Old Testament, New Testament, or one or more books of the Bible
- Modern Foreign Language: Eight semester credits, 15 quarter credits or a full year of college credit in modern foreign language (including American Sign Language)
In order for a transfer student to meet the general education requirements, s/he must earn an approved associate degree prior to initial enrollment at Whitworth.
Transfer students are encouraged to contact the registrar’s office to determine the applicability of their coursework to specific bachelor’s degrees. General information can be given over the telephone (toll-free at 800.533.4668). To obtain a complete transcript evaluation, send the request with an official copy of college transcripts to Registrar’s Office, Whitworth University, 300 W. Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251.
Step Up Policy
This option is available only to students who have senior standing, so as to ensure their readiness for the academic work. An undergraduate student may take up to six credit hours of MBA, MIM or THG classes (if they have met the pre-requisites) and have those six graduate-level credits apply to their undergraduate program, if students indicate that they are interested in pursuing either the MBA, MIM or the MA in Theology degree. These six credits cannot be used for both undergraduate and graduate credit. They will apply to and be recorded on a student's undergraduate degree. They will not be counted again for graduate credit once a student is admitted to the MBA, MIM or MA in Theology program, however, their graduate program total credit requirement will be reduced by the number of credits they complete in the Step Up program, up to six credits, and the commensurate course requirement will be waived.
Alternative Course Credit
A maximum of 32 alternative semester credits (48 quarter credits) may be counted toward graduation. Alternative credit includes Advanced Placement, international baccalaureate courses, College Level Examination Program (CLEP) credit, DANTES, credit based on completion of advanced work, portfolios, and credit for military service and schools. Alternative course credit calculates as part of the transfer-credit limit of 94. Contact the registrar’s office for further information.
Advanced Placement (AP)
Whitworth is an active participant in the College Entrance Examination Board Advanced Placement program. A score of three or above on an AP test is accepted for credit in some disciplines at Whitworth and in many cases will also satisfy a general graduation requirement and/or requirement for an academic major. Refer to Whitworth’s website for details.
International Baccalaureate (IB)
Whitworth recognizes the international baccalaureate diploma and subject examinations; the university awards credit on a course-by-course basis for only high-level courses passed with a score of five or higher. Refer to Whitworth’s website for details.
College Level Examination Program (CLEP)
Whitworth grants academic credit for sufficiently high scores on CLEP general and selected CLEP subject examinations. These cutoff scores are listed in the College Entrance Examination Board publication “College Placement and Credit by Examination,” which is available at most high schools and colleges. Information regarding CLEP and DANTES exams may be obtained on our website or by contacting the Whitworth Continuing Studies Office at 509.777.3222. Credit for general CLEP exams will be awarded only if the exam is taken within one year of matriculation. Credit for lower level CLEP and DANTES subject exams will be awarded only if the exam is taken before higher level course work in the same discipline is taken. Students must complete an application to take CLEP and DANTES exams and have it approved by the registrar’s office prior to taking the exam.
Changes in Academic Program
A student may elect to change his/her major, area of concentration, or second field, but s/he is advised to evaluate possible increases in the length of time required to graduate. Any changes of program or academic advisor must be requested in writing, signed by the advisor and submitted to the registrar’s office.
Academic Petitions
Petititions regarding general University policies may be made in the following order:
- Registrar's Office
- Petitions and Appeals Committee
Academic Honesty
Just as the faculty, staff and administration at Whitworth strive to be forthright, direct and honest, and to value integrity in all their dealings, the university expects all students to function in like manner. Students are expected to adhere to the highest standards of academic honesty and to refrain from any dishonest or unethical action. In all academic exercises, examinations, papers and reports, students are expected to submit their own work. The use of the words or ideas of others is always to be indicated through an acceptable form of citation. This policy will be specified in the syllabus for each course. Definition of plagiarism: Plagiarism occurs whenever a person attempts to pass off as his or her own work, either verbally or in writing, the words and ideas of others. Plagiarism most often occurs in projects that require independent preparation (outside of class); although it can occur in essay examinations, this is not generally the case. Plagiarism can be either inadvertent (a failure to understand the responsibility for acknowledgment or the means by which acknowledgment should be made) or willful (with a conscious intent to deceive).
Definition of cheating and dry-labbing: Cheating is any academic activity in which the student submits for grade or credit work that is not his or her own and/or work that has not been done within the structure and context established by the assignment. It may occur in a variety of ways: copying another student’s homework, copying answers from another student’s test, bringing unauthorized notes or materials to an exam, copying another student’s lab notes, or making up fictitious lab results (also known as “dry-labbing”). All cheating is regarded as willful deception.
Consequences of violations of the policy on academic honesty:
- The faculty member will confront the student(s) in cases of suspected violations of the policy on academic honesty and will keep a written record of the incident.
- The faculty member will assess the gravity of the violation and determine the consequences, which may range from a failing grade on the specific assignment to a failing grade in the course.
- The student has a right to appeal any faculty member's decision to the Whitworth Academic Affairs Office.
- The faculty member will submit a written report of policy violations, with their consequences, to the Academic Affairs Office.
- The student will receive a warning after the first violation.
- If a student violates the academic honesty policy a second time, depending on the nature of the violations, the student may be suspended for the remainder of the current term or for a longer period.
Academic Grievances
It is assumed that most grievances will be resolved in conversation between a student and his/her professor or within the department involved. However, in cases where resolution is not so easily achieved, the procedures are as follows:
- The student must first seek resolution of the conflict in consultation with the professor. Before becoming involved in the matter, the associate dean of instruction will ensure that this initial exchange has taken place.
- If a satisfactory resolution is not possible in the first phase, the student may appeal in writing to the associate dean of instruction for adjudication.
- Grade challenges must be initiated by the student within 30 days after the grade is posted.
Academic Probation and Suspension
A student is placed on academic probation at the end of any semester or term in which his or her cumulative grade point average falls below 2.0. Since probation removes a person from good academic standing, students on probation will be limited in their opportunities to participate in off-campus study programs and extracurricular activities (varsity sports, student government, student publications and radio broadcasting, for example). A student remains on probation until his or her cumulative GPA reaches the minimum 2.0 standard. A student receives an academic warning when, during any fall or spring semester, his or her semester GPA falls below 2.0 while the cumulative grade-point average is 2.0 or above. The case of any student who receives an academic warning for two or more consecutive semesters will be reviewed by the Whitworth Educational Review Board, and the student may be placed on probation. Extracurricular activities are not limited by an academic warning. Students may be suspended at the end of any semester or term in which their semester GPA falls below 1.0, or if, after being placed on probation, they fail to earn at least a 2.0 GPA for the succeeding semester or term. Students enrolled in Whitworth Continuing Studies courses may be placed on academic probation at the end of any 12-week period of an accelerated-format term during which they are registered for six or more credits (whether or not completed) and their GPA falls below 2.0. A student who is on probation may not register for more than three courses or nine semester credits in the subsequent accelerated-format term. Students remain on probation until their cumulative GPA reaches the minimum 2.0 standard. A student may be suspended at the end of a 17-week period during which he or she is registered for up to nine credits (whether or not nine credits are completed) if the GPA for that period is below 2.0. A pattern of successive withdrawal (over more than one semester) may be grounds for suspension. If there are mitigating reasons for unsatisfactory progress that results in suspension, students may appeal in writing to the Educational Review Board through the Whitworth Academic Affairs Office. Reinstatement after any semester or term on suspension is dependent upon written application to the Educational Review Board through the academic affairs office. Students who are receiving financial aid should refer to satisfactory progress policies and appeal processes.
Course-Numbering System
Courses are numbered sequentially from 100 through 599. The following schedules of general and special course numbers should serve as helpful reference tools for students.
General Course Numbers
Lower-Division Courses
100-199: Primarily for freshmen. May not be taken for graduate credit.
200-299: Primarily for sophomores. May not be taken for graduate credit.
Upper-Division Courses
300-399: Primarily for juniors and seniors. Graduate students may count a limited number of credits.
400-499: Primarily for seniors. Graduate students may count a limited number of credits.
500-599: Graduate level. Undergraduates may enroll only with special permission.
Special Course Numbers
At undergraduate and graduate levels, course numbers ending in 80, 86, 90, 91, 95 or 96 indicate special courses. Subject matter in these courses varies. All departments may offer these types of courses, but because not all may be listed in this catalog, students are urged to ask individual department offices about the availability of courses of the type and level desired. Their designations are:
80 Field Study
86 Readings
90 Internship
91 Independent Study
95 Teaching Assistantship
96 Special Topics
Transcript Requests
Transcript requests may be made in person, or by mailing or faxing the Transcript Request Form located on the registrar’s office website (www.whitworth.edu/transcript). Transcript requests cannot be handled by phone. Transcripts may be purchased with a VISA or MasterCard (include card number and expiration date), a check made out to Whitworth University, or cash. Official transcripts are $5 each for the first five in an order and $3 for each additional transcript. Transcript requests can be sent by priority or overnight mail for additional applicable fees. Please allow at least one week of processing time during the term and two weeks at the beginning or end of a term. Rush orders must be paid by cash or credit card to avoid a four-day check-clearance delay. The fax number for the registrar’s office is 509.777.3296. The mailing address is Registrar’s Office, Whitworth University, 300 W. Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251.
Diploma Reorder
Replacement diplomas are available through the registrar’s office for a $20 fee.
Confidentiality
Each academic year the university informs students of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, as amended. This act is designed to protect the privacy of education records, to establish the right of students to inspect and review their academic records, and to provide guidelines for the correction of inaccurate or misleading data through informal or formal hearings. Students have the right to file complaints with the FERPA office concerning any alleged failure by Whitworth University to comply with this act. The complete institutional policy statement related to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 is available through the registrar’s office.
Directory Information
At its discretion, the university may provide directory information in accordance with the provisions of FERPA to include a student’s name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, date and place of birth, major field of study, dates of attendance, class standing, full- or part-time status, degrees and awards received, most recent previous educational agency or institution attended, denominational affiliation, participation in officially recognized activities and sports, and weight and height of members of athletics teams. Students may withhold directory information by notifying the registrar’s office in writing within two weeks after the first day of class for each semester. This request for non-disclosure will be honored until revoked. A request to withhold directory information will prevent the student’s name and degree from being published on the Dean’s Honor Roll and in the commencement program.
Students may allow the release of academic information to designated individuals by signing a Permission to Release Educational Records form, available on the registrar’s page of the university website and in the registrar’s office.
Changes to Directory Information
Name-change policy: A current or former student of Whitworth University may change any component of his or her name with proper documentation and a completed name change request form. Types of changes may include first-, middle-, and last-name replacements; converting an initial to the actual name; replacing a nickname; returning to a birth name, or any other name-change variation that may arise. Acceptable documentation will include a copy of a legal document, such as a marriage certificate, birth certificate, divorce decree or court order. In addition, one supporting piece of identification reflecting the change must be presented. Forms of identification may include a driver’s license, Social Security card, or other identifying documentation deemed acceptable by the registrar. After the proper identification and a completed request form are received by the registrar’s office (300 W. Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251), the change will be reflected on the student’s hard-copy academic record, transcript and computer record. Address change: Please notify the registrar’s office of any address changes by supplying your name, student I.D. number or Social Security number, old address, new address and phone number to the registrar’s office at the address above.
Student Right-To-Know Information
In compliance with the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, Whitworth is pleased to provide the following information concerning its graduation rates. The rates reflect the graduation status of students for whom 150 percent of the normal time to completion has elapsed.
| Cohort entering fall semester of | Size of original cohort | Number graduated | Percent graduated |
| 1996 | 315 | 219 | 69.5 percent |
| 1997 | 398 | 284 | 71.4 percent |
| 1998 | 373 | 251 | 67.3 percent |
| 1999 | 406 | 309 | 76.1 percent |
| 2000 | 402 | 297 | 73.9 percent |
| 2001 | 427 | 317 | 74.2 percent |
| 2002 | 433 | 332 | 76.7 percent |
| 2003 | 438 | 320 | 73.1 percent |
| 2004 | 469 | 372 | 79.3 percent |
| 2005 | 451 | 362 | 80.3 percent |
Equal Opportunity Policy
It is the policy of Whitworth University to provide equal educational opportunity without regard to age, race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status or disability as defined by law, in accordance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972, Sections 799A and 845 of the Public Health Services Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991. In addition, Whitworth provides equal employment opportunity without regard to age, race, color, national origin, sex, marital status or disability as defined by law, in accordance with Title 49.60 of the Washington Law Against Discrimination, Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VI and VII (as amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 402 of the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Act of 1974, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991.